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Author Topic: Class D 80 meter rig progressing  (Read 78025 times)
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WD5JKO
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WD5JKO


« Reply #25 on: October 21, 2019, 09:55:39 PM »

Pat,

   I attach a schematic of something I did years ago on a Sherwood S8000 Tube Amp / FM Receiver.

The FM section needed a stable and ripple free +170 volts. The draw was no more than 100ma, so the need was only modest.

Some things worth noting though:

Your regulator idea needs to be designed on some variables. Here are some:

Low Line voltage, maybe 110vac
Maximum load current, maybe 4 amps
Regulator DC input minimum at dip of the 120hz ripple. Example if the Regulator input is 150vdc at say 4 amps, and there is 10v p-P of 120hz ripple, then the Regulator DC input minimum is 145vdc.
Regulator differential voltage; try to keep this at something like 5v minimum with low line, maximum load current.

You may have to settle for a lower regulation setpoint if the unregulated DC voltage falls too low such that you cannot maintain >5v across the FET. Adding more capacitance after the FW bridge might help as well as it will reduce the ripple P-P amplitude.

A Constant Current Source (CCS) Feed to the Zener string. This helps keep the zener voltage constant when the DC input unregulated has 120hz ripple riding on the DC buss. Using a resistor instead of a CCS works fine, but using a good CCS will provide a lot more ripple reduction by the FET regulator, perhaps as much as 20db more reduction. A CCS will also give you better AC line regulation since the zener diode current stays constant as AC input varies. I attach a schematic of a CCS using a IXYS 10M45.

The R2-C2 time constant to provide a turn on delay, and further ripple reduction to the FET Gate.

It is important to have a 1K or more resistor to the gate as a Parasitic suppressor. For R3 I chose 1K.

I added a current limit resistor, R1. The idea was to help protect the FET when power comes up and the load is a short. The hope and prayer is that the FET will be saturated, and a fuse somewhere upstream will blow instead of the FET. In a high current application, something like R1 being 1 ohm or less might do. Eliminate R1 if you wish.

The Zener D5 is to protect the FET gate to source limit to +6.2v, -.6v. In a higher current application, make D5 something like a 12v or 15v zener.

The Sherwood had 4 separate regulators added, so I needed a FAN to blow on a small CPU heatsink. Zener Diode D1 was there to provide 7.5v to the 12v DC fan as a floating fan supply! Get rid of that diode for a 3-4 amp supply! Get fan power elsewhere...

Jim
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* SS_HV_REGULATOR.jpg (170.12 KB, 2160x1660 - viewed 1065 times.)

* pcb5.jpg (9.42 KB, 500x500 - viewed 1069 times.)
* IXCP10M45S.pdf (519.59 KB - downloaded 638 times.)
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N4LTA
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« Reply #26 on: October 22, 2019, 09:25:46 AM »

Jim

Thanks for the excellent ideas for improving the circuit. I especially like the constant current source for the zener string. The 1K resistor in the gate circuit as a parasitic suppressor is interesting since other circuits have suggested 50 ohms. I also like the 1 ohm resistor as a current limit.

Initially this circuit was really meant as sort of an anti - voltage soaring device rather than a true voltage regulator but I can see the advantage of the many suggested improvements.

When I get it sort of working - hopefully soon, I may make a more complete circuit board for sharing as it would be an excellent circuit for this use and others such as screen supplies etc.

Thanks again for your help.


Pat
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WD5JKO
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WD5JKO


« Reply #27 on: October 22, 2019, 09:40:03 AM »


Pat,

   I had attached the wrong schematic! Going from one computer to another via wireless, and I grabbed the wrong file. Undecided

Anyway, the attached schematic here should better match the text in my last post.

That schematic in the last post was the +375v screen supply for the 7868 power pentodes. That works very well!

Sorry for the confusion.

Jim


* REGULATOR2.jpg (160.39 KB, 2160x1660 - viewed 1054 times.)
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N4LTA
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« Reply #28 on: October 22, 2019, 01:26:41 PM »

Jim
 
I am confused at R1-  I read 55 ohms.

At .1amps that would have a voltage drop of 5.5 volts  - what does this resistor accomplish

Thanks

Pat
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WD5JKO
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« Reply #29 on: October 22, 2019, 05:23:07 PM »

Pat,

   That was only a 100ma regulator, so R1 at 51 ohms will drop 5.5v @ 100ma. In my case this was insignificant. I tested the concept once, and shorted out the output to ground with power off. Then I brought up the Receiver with a variac slowly. The FET had full bias caused from the voltage drop of R1, limited by D5 (6.2v zener). As I advanced the variac, the Receiver primary fuse blew. The regulator was fine since the FET was never in a high dissipation condition. I don't know if this would have worked with a sudden short once the voltage was up or not..I was too chicken to try. Others might add a current sense resistor downstream of the FET, and with a PNP transistor remove the FET gate drive when the current exceeds some threshold )I ~=.6/R). I never tried that, and worried that the FET with the gate bias throttled back would dissipate a lot of power. Plenty of ways to get more sophisticated here, such as current transformers, latches, etc.

Jim
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vk3alk
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« Reply #30 on: October 22, 2019, 10:29:26 PM »

This little circuit might be worth a go......

Should work ...... the 22uF capacitor may need increasing to 100uF to stop surging  Tongue ......as when the voltage across the .5R resistor reduces due to the shutdown it will fire up again and so forth etc:
The time delay should I think hold it steady......
The 500R trimpot will set the trigger point...

I cannot guarantee this will work satisfactorily but is a good play round.....


Wayne

PS:  I suppose there is a bit of a charge in C2 4.7uF Cry

Ohhh maybe the 6.2V zener will blow......
Will leave the post here now that its done.
Others may want to comment  Smiley


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N4LTA
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« Reply #31 on: October 23, 2019, 05:29:29 PM »

Worked on some PC Boards to day. Made a new one for the regulator to use a T0247 style device. Ordered a few from Newark and they should be here tomorrow. I get one day serveice as their distribution center is 20 miles away. They had a sale on the INFINEON  IRFP4229PBF  for $1.39 each so I got ten. They are rated at 250 volts at 44 amps. Should work well in the regulator circuit.

The old board was made to fit a T0220 device. I also added the protection devices that were suggested (15 volt zener and 6 amp diodes. I will use a wire leaded ceramic slo blo fuse.

While I was doing the PC Boards, I laid out a VFO based on W1VDs  VFO design which is based on Steve's  design.

I like the idea of a clean VFO and have found that the low cost digital stuff has to many spurs and trash. For AM - super stability is not required - although I have built stable solid state VFOs in the past

I hope to get back at the regulator and modulator tomorrow when the MOSFETS arrive.

Pat
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N9NEO
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« Reply #32 on: October 27, 2019, 06:04:11 AM »

Just curious what a Class D rig is so I thought I would ask here at bottom of thread.   

Is there a switching supply (Modulator) that audio-izes  voltage into rf deck or does rf deck provide modulation as well as carrier?  That would be similar the the RCA ampli-phase sustem of many yers ago.

Is there a link to the RF deck schematic you may have?

Thanks
NEO
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vk3alk
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« Reply #33 on: October 28, 2019, 07:38:42 AM »

Hi Neo...

The systems on this forum are definitely not the ampliphase way of things....

You could write pages on this subject but to cut it short for me anyway...... if you understand Tube technology plate and screen moduation than your there.....
A PWM ( what Pat is building ) is analog in and analog out......in between analog is converted into a digital form for efficiency reasons only really....
The audio is superimposed on the supply to the TX.....just like a 6146 tube stage....

The transmitters are a little different and maybe harder to understand......or maybe not....
They are frequency controlled by a crystal or VFO....the output FETs are pulsed on and off at their Gate inputs.....the output at their Drains shows this pulsed waveform but at a larger voltage......
This output waveform is rich in harmonics so a LPF is used to clean it up and so the output is just a sinewave similar to the crystal oscillator but at a higher level....
This pulsing effect gives to a higher efficiency .......

Jay W1VD has some circuits on the WEB....

Also reading Steve QIX WEB site is a good place.....

Thats all from me...


Wayne
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N4LTA
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« Reply #34 on: October 28, 2019, 07:41:38 PM »

That's a good explanation Wayne. They key thing I guess is that the transistors (MOSFETS) are either all on or all off and because the on resistance is measured in Miliohms the transistors have very low losses.

I had a bit of a setback Sunday after testing the power supply regulator at 3 amps at 150 volts. All was good - the longest key down was about 45 second because the 200 watt wirewound resistor just got too hot . The MOSFET was not a problem even at a delta V of 10 volts across the input and output. I decided to run the regulator at 1 amp for several hours and so what happened. I hooked up the resistor load and turned the power supply on and the AC fuse blew. I refused  with lod load and blew another fuse. I disconnected the rectifier bridge and again blew the fuse.

All the wires were disconnected from the transformer and still blew the fuse - I have ordered another transformer and expect it Wednesday. I know toroidal transformers have heavy magnetizing current - but it had worked for 20 or 30 on/off cycles s oI am pretty sure something internal to the transformer is shorted. Quick ohmeter checks found no winding shorted. I'll take a look after I get things back together. I purchased a relay for a step start but didn't use it. I may add that with the new transformer.

Pat
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N9NEO
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« Reply #35 on: October 31, 2019, 05:21:58 AM »

I think I am about 1/2 way there.  I'll go poke around and come back.

One question tho.  I think I got RF deck is mosfets.  Would the mosfets be switched at the rf frequency? 

Thanks,
NEO
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N9NEO
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« Reply #36 on: October 31, 2019, 05:48:29 AM »

Ok, got it. 

The W1VD design is based on I believe some work David Rutledge did on Class F Inverse.  I worked with David Cripe at Harris.  I believe Cripe has a patent on the design.

I had thought that you might be running the output mosfets at 10x the carrier frequency and filtering that.  At 160m with Gan parts that would be doable.

About 20 years ago I worked with Frank Carcia and Art Pightling on a modern re-invention of the ampli-phase design.  It used 4 fets configured in an H bridge. The antenna was across the 2 poles with a filter in series  The bridge ran at 1.88MHz.  By controlling the phase angle between the two poles the output could be controlled.  It was a slick little transmitter in that there was only one stage rather than a discreet modulator and RF deck. The transmitter was similar to the ampli-phase in that the phase angle between a master and slave was controlled.   I may have the paper on that somewhere.

The concept came to me while I was doing a full-bridge modulator.  You may be interested in the modulator if you like big power.  It was presented in QEX back in late 2003 I think.  If you would like I can probably find it.

Thank you
NEO


 
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« Reply #37 on: October 31, 2019, 09:14:43 AM »

NEO

That would be great. Anything that involves switch mode transmitters or RF generation in interesting to me. As the MOSFETs get better and faster, there can be some very interesting things done with RF.

Pat
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« Reply #38 on: November 07, 2019, 11:15:48 AM »

Finally got the W1VD VFO working. Pulled out some hair messing with this project. Could not get the 74F74 flip flop to work as shown in the schematic. Checkd the PC Board against the schematic, Tried several 74F74s, read the data sheet ten times, and changing the FET and Mosfet, etc.

After looking at the schematic 10 times, something didn't look right - after a quick Google check - D and /Q should be jumpered.
That fixed the problem

The schematic as published is not correct.

I'll probably make another circuit board this afternoon and stuff it. I had a few minor irritations on the original that need to be cleaned up.

I'll get it in a solid enclosure soon.

Pat
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« Reply #39 on: November 19, 2019, 07:06:57 PM »

Finally got the VFO working and got back to the PWM. I installed a step start and did some rewiring to clean things up.

The power supply began blowing fuses and did so with nothing but the power transformer 120 volt winding connected. I assumed that the power transformer was bad and ordered a replacement.

I installed the step start and hooked things back up with the original transformer and it worked with no blown fuses. So I am back to getting the regulator installed and the PWM board. Hope I can get the whole thing going in the next few days. So I have a spare transformer now.

Pat
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« Reply #40 on: November 22, 2019, 08:00:25 PM »

Gave the power supply some stiff testing today.  Ran it at 250 watts output for 3 hours and then kicked it up to 500 watts  for another two hours. The transformer was somewhat warm, the bridge rectifier was cool. I think it could stand CCS operation at 500 watt with a fan on the Toroidal transformer. I need to wire the meters and install the PWM module and to some more testing this weekend.

Pat
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YB1AHY
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« Reply #41 on: December 05, 2019, 11:06:53 PM »

Hi Pat...

Wonder what stage your up to now....?

Have been playing around with a CMCD 75M Transmitter and seems to be more or less in the ball park....
If you cannot get Nigel's TX to work this might be worth a try....
Made it only using 2 FETs but 4 or more shouldn't be a problem....

The photos show the testing only at low power levels but run it up to 150Watts for appox 30 minutes into a dummy load .... the FETs temperature got to 38 degrees C ( not sure what that is in F )....
The efficiency is just over 90% post filter but probably with a little more jiggling could go a little higher but as its only an experiment will leave it at that...
Might wind the Transformer using coax just to see if I can squeeze a little more though... Roll Eyes

The Class E looking waveforms are at the Drains of the FETs......


Wayne

Excuse me for riding on the current topic, but I think it's still relevant. hi Wayne I'm making a class D current mode like the one made by W1VD. the thing that is still mysterious is how to find the LC value that exists between D-D because the value is very uncertain depending on the value of Coss in the operating voltage (I compare it with the settings in class E from Mr. Nathan Shokal's writing). The question is how to set up to get high efficiency by looking at the waveform. Does the waveform before the lowpass filter have to be in the form of a sine wave? please give feedback to all who have tried. Thanks.

BR
Agus YB1AHY (ex YB0DJH)
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« Reply #42 on: December 06, 2019, 05:03:24 AM »

Hi Agus...

There is not much about the theory of CMCD from what I can find on the WEB apart from Jays Website.....
I read his article .... thought about it and read it again and again really....
I have made two 40M Modules and they gave very similar results...with efficiencies in the low 90% for that band...
I was quite happy with the efficiencies and also the waveform at the drains mainly because of less demands for the LPF....
Its now permanently in my 40M TX and operates at 150Watts of carrier without any problems at all .... have attached a photo...
It will output more power but I'm happy with 150watts....

To be honest I build the 80M CMCD to see how it would go on another band as an experiment .... and also for Pat if he couldn't get Nigels TX going .... and applied whatever knowledge I had in working it out....

For what I know the inductor and capacitor form a low Q resonant circuit at your frequency of choice...with the inductor been adjustable by compressing or expanding etc:
The circuit cancels out the Miller Capacitance .... doesn't matter how thats done whether by the Class E way or this way....

When adjusting the inductor for maximum efficiency I didn't look at the Drain waveforms  ... although I did have a probe connected...
I just compressed and expanded the Inductor ..... changed the number of turns and also the value of the capacitor until I got  something good....
Its not very technical I know but I'm not a engineer.....
I started at lower power levels first and increased slowly until reaching 150watts....

The transformer is made using 4 FB1020-43 cores and do not get warm even under full modulation....
There are 2 turns of coax inside .... the center going to the drains and the braid to ground and LPF...

The Transmitter looks a bit junky .... but goes well...the modulator is a Class H and runs hot but OK using 4 power transistors..
I have moved the LPF and installed a SWR bridge since that photo.....

The FETs I used were STW20NM50 .... there a good Fet but are no longer made....good on you ST....

Hope that explains things somewhat Agus...


Wayne





* Class H CMCD.JPG (465.97 KB, 1600x1200 - viewed 977 times.)
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« Reply #43 on: December 06, 2019, 10:39:46 AM »

Wayne

I have been busy with the PWM modulator the last week and finally have a working PWM generator. I made a new surface mount board and got the components mounted last night.
I ordered a low cost Chinese PC board pre-heater to go with my hot air station and I think it is going to work well with the tiny SMT parts and the small pitch spacing. Hopefully I will getthe PWM supply completed this weekend.

I have a four chip board designed and may build it this weekend. It uses the 1200 volt SiC parts. I'll try that with Nigel's circuit first and if I have problems, I am very interested in tour current mode design. I have all of the ferrite for that design and the teflon insulated coax.

I have three projects going on keeping me busy - this project, a SRS 551 small linear using tubes that Nico sent me right before he passed away, and a couple of 2A3 mono block single ended amps for a turntable that I am supposed to get for Christmas.


Pat
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« Reply #44 on: December 06, 2019, 05:34:50 PM »

Hi Pat..

Give Nigels TX a try first ....be good to see how it all goes....
I always use low voltages first to see how it reacts and slowly wind it up etc:

Noticed you were doing other things too..
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« Reply #45 on: January 04, 2020, 03:32:33 PM »

Finally got back to the class D RF section. Made a couple of test PC boards using the NC8107A driver. will test with a couple od SiC fets at 75 meters.

I  know that I will need some capacitance to ground? Anyone have an idea for a starting value?

It's getting close to smoke time. That's why I have two boards. Ill try with about 30 volts current limited.


Pat
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« Reply #46 on: January 11, 2020, 02:50:57 PM »

Did a rework on the pwm driver and built one for testing the two MOSFET RF board.

May drive it with the TI designed  PWM board made for converting audio to PWM for a class D audio amplifier.


Pat
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« Reply #47 on: January 21, 2020, 08:36:48 PM »

Made some RF today with a pile of boards and clip leads. Initially,  things looked better than I expected. I installed a 5 pole low pass filter on the RF board output About 37 volts peak to ground.


Current was somewhere near .5 amps or a little less. Not sure as my good Fluke has the 10 amp fuse blown and an older Fluke was about .4 amps and an old Simpson analog read .5 or so.

At .5 amps, the input power was 16.25 watts.

That made efficiency decent to good. Good for a low voltage test as the design is for 150 volts

There was some "fuzz" at the tips of the sine wave which concerned my but I was using the old TEK 400 MHz scope with a lousy probe, so I didn't get too concerned.

A look at one of the MOSFET drains concerned me more. I am not familiar  with what the wave forms should look like. The ringing did not concern me, but the high frequency "fuzz" at the top worries me. Any comments on the attached photos would be appreciated.


Pat Bunn
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* output.jpg (21.04 KB, 480x466 - viewed 715 times.)

* pwr meter.jpg (29.23 KB, 480x640 - viewed 738 times.)
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« Reply #48 on: January 21, 2020, 08:59:29 PM »

Here is the suspect drain waveform.

After doing some researching it looks pretty bad. I am wondering if the drain capacitors are not properly located. I have a 470uF 1KV silver mica capacitor from each drain to ground. Are these in the wrong place? Data on Nigels actual RF circuit is difficult to decode. I have used his drawing of the GaN 20 meter circuit as a guide.. He states that drain caps for 20 meters are not required?
I assumes those drain caps were from the drain bus on each side to ground, and assumed that the GaN drain capacitance was sufficient at 20 meters.

I am using C2 SiC devices here, using a dual winding 1:1 ration - I used 12 turns on a  powdered iron type 3 -  3" core. I have used the type 3 material up to and beyond 5 MHz in the past. I was looking to up the L to improve the bandwidth - should I go back to type 2? or are the caps in the wrong place.  As it is for testing - the power supply has a 1000 pF bypass cap. When I connect the PWM supply, that cap will be paralleled  with the PWM filter last cap. (something on the order of .2uF, depending on the power supply input impedance.

Pat
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« Reply #49 on: January 22, 2020, 03:12:59 AM »

Hi Pat....

You seem pretty close really....
The waveform looks good apart from the fuzzy bit at the top...nice steep rise and fall ....

Could you upload the gate waveforms .... both overlapped ...
Same with the drains again both overlapped.....

Have never made a TX like this and not sure what turns using the type 3 material should be used....nor the capacitance to gnd...

What band is this for again... I thought it was 75M....


Wayne
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